越南央行釋放信貸空間:基礎設施與房地產融資迎來重大轉折

越南央行釋放信貸空間:基礎設施與房地產融資迎來重大轉折

摘要: 越南央行於2026年6月批准18個基礎設施項目享受特殊信貸機制,釋放數百億美元貸款能力,提振房地產與基礎設施融資,同時關注金融風險管理與系統性穩定。

配图

越南央行釋放信貸空間:基礎設施與房地產融資迎來重大轉折

關鍵詞

越南央行、信貸增長限制、基礎設施融資、房地產融資、特殊機制、銀團貸款、系統性風險

引言

在全球經濟復甦進程不一、區域競爭日趨激烈的背景下,越南正全力以赴實現兩位數的經濟增長目標。2026年6月,越南央行接連推出多項重大金融政策,其中尤以批准溫納集團、太陽集團和Masterise等大型開發商所主導的18個基礎設施項目享受特殊信貸機制最為引人注目。此舉不僅為總資金需求高達280億美元的國家戰略項目鋪平了融資道路,更在實質上釋放了數百億美元的貸款能力,對基礎設施與房地產領域形成重大提振。然而,在信貸閘門開啟的同時,金融風險管理與系統性穩定的平衡也成為市場關注的焦點。

特殊機制:為國家戰略項目「開綠燈」

越南央行於2026年6月22日發布第5386/NHNN-TD號公文,明確為溫納集團、Masterise航空基礎設施公司和太陽集團所提出的特定項目提供信貸便利。根據該文件,參與這些項目融資的商業銀行,在計算年度信貸增長限額時,可將與項目相關的新增信貸餘額及年度貸款撥付予以排除。這意味著,這些貸款將不再受到傳統的「信貸額度限制」束縛,從而為大型、長期、資金密集的基礎設施建設提供了前所未有的靈活性。

被排除在信貸增長計算之外的項目範圍廣泛,涵蓋服務亞太經合組織峰會的配套設施、公私合作項目、高速鐵路(包括濱城-芹椰線及河內-廣寧線),以及與嘉平國際機場相關的基礎設施。這些項目被越南央行認定為「國家戰略項目」,具備顯著的溢出效應、區域連通性優勢,並因對社會經濟發展目標的關鍵支撐而獲得政府高度支持。總資金需求估計約280億美元,且大部分資金集中於2026至2028年間撥付,顯示出短期內銀行體系面臨的融資壓力與機遇並存。

銀行體系的新框架:權責與風險管控並行

為確保特殊機制不被濫用,越南央行同步制定了嚴格的監管框架。參與銀行必須對項目相關貸款進行獨立監控,並定期向越南央行提交報告。具體而言,銀行須確保在任何時點,對項目開發商、承包商及供應商提供的總信貸風險敞口不超過項目總借款需求。此外,銀行有責任要求三家開發商嚴格管理各項目已申報的信貸需求,並提供書面確認與承諾,保證貸款僅用於項目執行,同時持續監控每個項目的未償信貸餘額。

在貸款集中度風險方面,越南央行特別注意到這些項目融資規模異常龐大,因此鼓勵商業銀行採用銀團貸款模式分散風險。若單一銀行貸款金額超過對單一借款人或相關借款人集團的法定貸款限額,該銀行必須向越南央行報告,由央行轉呈總理審議批准。此舉既保留了靈活性,又為系統性風險設置了「安全閥」。信貸機構需同步建立單獨的追蹤系統,將項目相關未償餘額與常規貸款區隔,以便監管機構隨時掌握信貸流向。

近期政策組合拳:釋放數百億美元貸款能力

此次針對基礎設施項目的特殊機制,並非孤立的政策舉措,而是越南央行近期一系列寬鬆信貸政策的一環。2026年6月22日,越南央行同時發布第25/2026/TT-NHNN號通知,自7月1日起,將可用於中長期貸款的最高短期資金來源比例,從現行的30%提高至40%。考慮到目前短期存款占銀行系統總資金的80%至90%,約相當於5200至6000億美元,此舉相當於新增了520至600億美元的中長期貸款能力,對房地產開發及大型基建項目而言,無異於一場「及時雨」。

更早之前,2026年5月,越南央行已發布指令,允許25家信貸機構將針對社會保障性住房、工業園區及出口加工區的額外貸款,排除在房地產信貸增長限額之外。同月,央行還批准第08/2026/TT-NHNN號通知,調整貸存比計算方式,允許銀行在計算時僅將國庫定期存款的80%從資金來源中扣除,而非此前要求的100%。這一系列措施層層遞進,目標清晰:在確保銀行體系流動性穩定的前提下,最大限度地釋放信貸資源,以支撐政府設定的兩位數經濟增長目標。

專家視角:增長與風險的天平

在市場普遍為融資環境改善而歡呼的同時,理性冷靜的提醒亦不可或缺。資深經濟學家指出,越南央行正在為支持經濟增長做出實質性努力,但這些措施也可能增加金融風險。「鑑於當前實現兩位數經濟增長的目標,現有的『障礙』將阻止銀行業提供足夠的資源來支持擴張。」這位專家分析,「放鬆風險管理要求可以透過支持增長產生積極影響,但也增加了更嚴重系統性風險的可能性,特別是在貸款和存款動員之間的差距持續擴大的情況下。」

事實上,越南銀行體系長期面臨短期資金來源匹配長期貸款的結構性矛盾。儘管提高短期資金用於中長期貸款的比例上限,能夠在短期內為經濟輸血,但若缺乏有效的資產負債管理與風險緩釋機制,一旦市場利率波動或存款穩定性下降,可能引發流動性壓力。此外,大規模的基礎設施項目貸款往往具有回報週期長、現金流不確定性高的特點,對銀行的風險定價與壞帳準備提出更高要求。如何在刺激增長與防範風險之間取得動態平衡,將是越南央行與商業銀行在未來數年面臨的核心考驗。

結論

越南央行此次針對基礎設施項目推出的特殊信貸機制,連同近期一系列提高貸款能力、放寬監管限制的政策,標誌著該國貨幣政策從謹慎調控轉向積極擴張的明確信號。280億美元的戰略項目融資需求,加上數百億美元的額外貸款空間,無疑將為交通、能源、房地產等關鍵領域注入強勁動能,助力越南實現其雄心勃勃的經濟目標。然而,放鬆監管不等於放棄風險管理。銀行體系必須在激勵與約束之間取得平衡,建立更精細化的項目監控與風險評估體系,同時監管機構應持續關注信貸集中度、流動性缺口及潛在的系統性風險。只有在增長與穩定之間找到最優路徑,越南方能真正將政策紅利轉化為可持續的發展動力。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.002378s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=cjgpcs;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_config` [ RunTime:0.003381s ]
  3. SELECT `value` FROM `g3ys_config` WHERE `name` = 'timezone' AND `subsite_id` = '31' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000944s ]
  4. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_route` [ RunTime:0.006111s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_route` WHERE ( `subsite_id` = '31' OR `subsite_id` = '0' ) AND `module` = 'home' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` DESC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001368s ]
  6. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_theme` [ RunTime:0.004075s ]
  7. SELECT `paginator` FROM `g3ys_theme` WHERE `module` = 'home' AND `name` = 'rs' AND `subsite_id` = '31' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001166s ]
  8. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_member` [ RunTime:0.007421s ]
  9. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_member` WHERE `id` = 0 AND `subsite_id` = '31' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002154s ]
  10. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_document` [ RunTime:0.007782s ]
  11. SELECT `id`,`document_type` FROM `g3ys_document` WHERE `subsite_id` = 31 AND `name` = 'vietnam-central-bank-credit-infrastructure-real-estate-financing' AND `status` IN ('1','2') LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.018509s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_document` WHERE ( `name` = '5241' OR `id` = '5241' ) AND `subsite_id` = 31 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.016686s ]
  13. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_document_article' [ RunTime:0.005309s ]
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  15. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_document_article` WHERE `document_id` = '5241' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000979s ]
  16. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_total` [ RunTime:0.009901s ]
  17. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_total` WHERE `target_id` = '5241' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.002393s ]
  18. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_lang` [ RunTime:0.012972s ]
  19. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_lang` WHERE `subsite_id` = 31 AND ( ( LOWER(name) = 'zh' ) OR `subtag` = 'zh' ) AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003947s ]
  20. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_total` WHERE `target_id` = '5241' LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000855s ]
  21. UPDATE `g3ys_total` SET `view_total` = `view_total` + 1 WHERE `target_id` = '5241' [ RunTime:0.006007s ]
  22. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_record` [ RunTime:0.017319s ]
  23. SELECT `id` FROM `g3ys_record` WHERE `subsite_id` = '31' AND `type` = 'article' AND `url` = 'https://www.vietasset.asia/vietnam-central-bank-credit-infrastructure-real-estate-financing' AND `create_time` >= 1783677783 AND ( `visitor_id` = '0bb81bc5d3069d41863fbb83f2fea671' OR `session_id` = '7c77f865110e95f3d0d113638220e4ac' ) LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003466s ]
  24. INSERT INTO `g3ys_record` SET `subsite_id` = '31' , `uid` = '0' , `visitor_id` = '0bb81bc5d3069d41863fbb83f2fea671' , `session_id` = '7c77f865110e95f3d0d113638220e4ac' , `type` = 'article' , `target_id` = '5241' , `target_type` = 0 , `category_id` = '1717' , `title` = '越南央行釋放信貸空間:基礎設施與房地產融資迎來重大轉折' , `url` = 'https://www.vietasset.asia/vietnam-central-bank-credit-infrastructure-real-estate-financing' , `path` = '/vietnam-central-bank-credit-infrastructure-real-estate-financing' , `query_string` = '' , `referer` = '' , `referer_domain` = '' , `source_type` = 'direct' , `source_domain` = '' , `search_engine` = '' , `search_keyword` = '' , `utm_source` = '' , `utm_medium` = '' , `utm_campaign` = '' , `utm_term` = '' , `utm_content` = '' , `ip` = '216.73.216.19' , `user_agent` = 'Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)' , `device_type` = 'pc' , `browser` = '其他' , `browser_version` = '' , `os` = '其他' , `os_version` = '' , `language` = '' , `is_spider` = 0 , `spider_name` = '' , `status_code` = 200 , `country` = '' , `province` = '' , `city` = '' , `district` = '' , `isp` = '' , `region_code` = '' , `geo_status` = 0 , `geo_time` = 0 , `create_time` = 1783677843 , `update_time` = 1783677843 [ RunTime:0.005643s ]
  25. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_comment` [ RunTime:0.014484s ]
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  27. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_model` [ RunTime:0.017037s ]
  28. SELECT `id`,`name`,`title`,`field_group` FROM `g3ys_model` WHERE `extend` = 0 AND `id` <> 1 AND `subsite_id` IN ('0','31') AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.003039s ]
  29. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_paragraph' [ RunTime:0.011019s ]
  30. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_paragraph_lang' [ RunTime:0.004942s ]
  31. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_gallery' [ RunTime:0.005939s ]
  32. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_gallery_lang' [ RunTime:0.006345s ]
  33. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_video' [ RunTime:0.007788s ]
  34. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_video_lang' [ RunTime:0.007327s ]
  35. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_faq' [ RunTime:0.011249s ]
  36. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_faq_lang' [ RunTime:0.006787s ]
  37. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_blockquote' [ RunTime:0.006480s ]
  38. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_blockquote_lang' [ RunTime:0.006056s ]
  39. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_cards' [ RunTime:0.005975s ]
  40. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_cards_lang' [ RunTime:0.005825s ]
  41. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_objects' [ RunTime:0.005698s ]
  42. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_objects_lang' [ RunTime:0.005042s ]
  43. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_videos' [ RunTime:0.005795s ]
  44. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_videos_lang' [ RunTime:0.005569s ]
  45. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_audios' [ RunTime:0.006836s ]
  46. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_audios_lang' [ RunTime:0.006379s ]
  47. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_files' [ RunTime:0.006453s ]
  48. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_files_lang' [ RunTime:0.005553s ]
  49. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_richmedia' [ RunTime:0.004970s ]
  50. SHOW TABLES LIKE 'g3ys_richmedia_lang' [ RunTime:0.004239s ]
  51. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_paragraph` [ RunTime:0.004410s ]
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  53. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_gallery` [ RunTime:0.006250s ]
  54. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_gallery` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.002719s ]
  55. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_video` [ RunTime:0.003075s ]
  56. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_video` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001241s ]
  57. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_faq` [ RunTime:0.003741s ]
  58. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_faq` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001075s ]
  59. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_blockquote` [ RunTime:0.004060s ]
  60. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_blockquote` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001258s ]
  61. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_cards` [ RunTime:0.003740s ]
  62. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_cards` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = '31' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001636s ]
  63. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_objects` [ RunTime:0.004535s ]
  64. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_objects` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = '31' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001169s ]
  65. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_videos` [ RunTime:0.004518s ]
  66. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_videos` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = '31' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001461s ]
  67. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_audios` [ RunTime:0.004595s ]
  68. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_audios` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = '31' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.002380s ]
  69. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_files` [ RunTime:0.007142s ]
  70. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_files` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = '31' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001329s ]
  71. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `g3ys_richmedia` [ RunTime:0.003667s ]
  72. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_richmedia` WHERE `document_id` = 5241 AND `subsite_id` = '31' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001176s ]
  73. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_document` WHERE `category_id` = 1717 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `pid` = '0' AND `status` = '1' AND ( ( sort > 0) or ( sort = 0 and id < 5241) ) ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001991s ]
  74. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_document` WHERE `category_id` = 1717 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `pid` = '5240' AND `status` = '1' ORDER BY `sort` ASC,`id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001611s ]
  75. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_document` WHERE `category_id` = 1717 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `pid` = '5241' AND `status` = '1' AND `document_type` = 0 ORDER BY `sort` DESC,`id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001759s ]
  76. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_document` WHERE `category_id` = 1717 AND `subsite_id` = 31 AND `pid` = '0' AND `status` = '1' AND `document_type` = 0 AND ( ( sort>0 and sort <= 0 and id!=5241) or ( sort = 0 and id > 5241) ) ORDER BY `sort` DESC,`id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.005717s ]
  77. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_route` WHERE ( `subsite_id` = '31' OR `subsite_id` = '0' ) AND `module` = 'home' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` DESC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.001611s ]
  78. SELECT * FROM `g3ys_route` WHERE ( `subsite_id` = '31' OR `subsite_id` = '0' ) AND `module` = 'home' AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `sort` DESC,`id` ASC [ RunTime:0.003695s ]
0.930720s